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Basic article review writing rules

Summarize and write a review of a scientific journal article. 

Be sure to read and understand your chosen article well. Reading is as much of an art as writing. Your first read throughshould be a quick sweeping job, noticing major themes and salient points. Read the article from start to finish in the second round. Highlight and mark as appropriate in the third reading.There are no set rules as to how many times are “enough.” You can read it as many times as you like or find necessary. You cannot analyze and summarize something you do not understand well enough.

1. 1.Read the abstract. The abstract will tell you the major findings of the article and why they matter.  2. 2.Read first for the “big picture.”  3. Note any terms or techniques you need to define. 4. Pay close attention to the “Materials and Methods”5. Read the “Materials and Methods” and “Results” sections multiple times:  ➢ Carefully examine the graphs, tables, and diagrams. ➢ Try to interpret the data first before reading the captions and details. ➢ Make sure you understand the article fully.  6. Before you begin the first draft of your summary:  ➢ Try to describe the article in your own words first. ➢ Try to distill the article down to its “scientific essence.” ➢ Include all the key points and be accurate. ➢ A reader who has not read the original article should be able to understand your summary.  

7. Write a draft of your summary:  

➢ Do not look at the article while writing, to make it easier to put the information in your own words  ➢ Refer back to the article later for details and facts.  ➢ Ask yourself questions as you write:  • What is the purpose of the study? • What questions were asked? • How did the study address these questions? • What assumptions did the author make?  • What were the major findings? • What surprised you or struck you as interesting?  • What questions are still unanswered?  

8. Write your review:  

A. Name of Author and Title of the Article: Your review must start with reference to the article. 

Include the name of the author.

B. Introduction: Informs the reader that you intend to review an article. Tell the reader the reason 

why you selected that particular article to review. The purpose of the introduction paragraph is to prepare the reader for what is to follow in your review.

C. Purpose: Make an effort to cover the following points. It may require more than one paragraph to cover them. State the overall purpose of the article. What was the main theme of the article?

What new ideas or information were communicated in the article? Why was it important to

perform this research and publish these ideas?

D. Methodology: Writing about the research “Materials and Methods”. What methods did the authors use to reach conclusions? If this is an experiment or survey, how were the data collected and analyzed? Who were the subjects? Briefly describe the research methodology.

E. Results: What were the basic results or findings from the research?F. Discussion and Conclusion: Briefly informs the reader what you wrote about in your review and 

your overall findings.

Other Considerations 

• Not more than 500 words• Use single spacing.• Use 12 pitch font.• Indent your paragraphs.• Left justify the text.

What is your vision for the future of nursing? How does your vision fit with the recommendations in the IOM report? What two action steps do you plan to take to promote this vision?

Submission Instructions:

• Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources. 

 Identify a quality improvement opportunity in your organization or practice. In a 1,000 to 1,250 word paper, describe the problem or issue and propose a quality improvement initiative based on evidence-based practice. Apply “The Road to Evidence-Based Practice” process, illustrated in Chapter 4 of your textbook, to create your proposal.

Include the following:

1. Provide an overview of the problem and the setting in which the problem or issue occurs.
2. Explain why a quality improvement initiative is needed in this area and the expected outcome.
3. Discuss how the results of previous research demonstrate support for the quality improvement initiative and its projected outcomes. Include a minimum of three peer-reviewed sources published within the last 5 years, not included in the course materials or textbook, that establish evidence in support of the quality improvement proposed.
4. Discuss steps necessary to implement the quality improvement initiative. Provide evidence and rationale to support your answer.
5. Explain how the quality improvement initiative will be evaluated to determine whether there was improvement.
6. Support your explanation by identifying the variables, hypothesis test, and statistical test that you would need to prove that the quality improvement initiative succeeded.

Theories and Conceptual Models in Nursing and Advanced Nursing Practice

Introduction

Theories in nursing provide an organized body of knowledge that defines the nursing practices, what the nurses are supposed to do in every situation, and why they need to do it.  The theories act as the framework of fundamental concepts and provide a purpose to guide the nursing practice at more concrete or specific stages. Butts (2013) and Fawcett et al. (2018) stated that the major categories of theories that guide the nursing and advanced nursing practices include grand theory, middle-range theory and practice level theory, need-based theories, interaction theories, outcome theories, descriptive theories, factor-isolating theory, explanatory theory, and prescriptive theories.  The nursing theorist explained that the theories describe the connection between the patient, environment, health and nursing goals, role, and functions.  Additionally, the conceptual model defines the nursing ideas, statement, and concepts; organize a framework for nursing practices, direct clinical practice, clinical and professional leadership, consultation, ethical decision making and collaboration, quality improvements especially DNP and APN programs and research.

Evaluation of theories and Conceptual Models

Nursing Theories

Grand nursing theory addresses and focuses on the nursing met paradigm components such as the patient (person), nursing, health, and environment (Smith & Parker, 2015). However, the theory does not guide specific nursing care interventions rather it focuses on providing a general framework and ideals in nursing. Butts (2013) mentioned that grand theories provide an abstract, wider scope and complex demand for more intense research for clarification in the nursing environment and advance nursing practices. Additionally, middle-range theories address a specific phenomenon in nursing (Brandão et al., 2017).  However, the middle range nursing theories have a limited scope compared to the grand theories while they present nursing and advance nursing concepts and propositions at lower levels.

Finally, the practice level nursing theories provide a narrow scope and focus on a specific patient population within a framed set time. Butts (2013) explained that the practice level nursing theories are effective in providing a framework of nursing interventions and practices as well as provide a suggestion of the outcomes or the effects of the nursing practices. Based on this perspective, the practice-level nursing theories have more direct effects on the nursing practices as well as in advanced nursing practices, shaping the nursing interventions, their impact, and potential outcomes.

Conceptual Nursing Models

The conceptual models in nursing identify various components, their interactions, and patterns in nursing and in advance nursing practices. The conceptual nursing models include Consensus Model for advanced Practices Registered nurse regulations, Hamric’s Integrative model, Calkin’s model, Brown’s Framework, and Shuler’s models of nurse practitioner practice among other models (Spross & Lawson, 2009; Fawcett, 2016; Fawcett et al., 2018). Each model focuses on a specific section and complements the focus of other models to contribute to nursing practices as well as advanced nursing practice. However, no model offers a comprehensive approach to nursing practices or advanced nursing practices. Nevertheless, an integrated approach and multi-application of various models contribute to an expected outcome.

 Regardless of the classification of the nursing theory and the conceptual models, each theory and model, compliment the other since no single theory or model can fit all the nursing care, intervention, and suggest outcomes. However, the combination of different theories from the abstraction (grand, middle-range, practice-led theories) to goal orientation (descriptive, factor-isolating, explanatory, prescriptive) to need-based, interaction theories complement each other to shape, define and direct the nursing practices as well as advanced nursing practices to achieve the patients’ outcome.

Conclusion

The nursing theories and conceptual models provide the foundation of nursing and advanced nursing today.  The nursing theories and models provide a guiding framework for the development of knowledge, direct education, research processes, and practices. Further, the conceptual models are an abstraction of reality, provide a visualization of the reality to simplify the thinking processes, give direction for search regarding various phenomena of central interest in nursing as well as suggest potential solutions. Thus, the nursing theories and models help in the recognition of what sets the foundation of the current nursing practices, providing a definition of purpose and role in the healthcare environment. Besides, the nursing and conceptual models provide a rationale for interventions and enhance the development of knowledge.  

References

Brandão, M. A. G., Martins, J. S. A., Peixoto, M. D. A. P., Lopes, R. O. P., & Primo, C. C.

       (2017). Theoretical and methodological reflections for the construction of middle-range nursing theories. Texto Contexto Enferm, 26(4), e1420017.

Butts, J. B. (2013). Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice. Jones & Bartlett

          Publishers.

Fawcett, J. (2016). Applying conceptual models of nursing: quality improvement, research, and

          practice. Springer Publishing Company.

Fawcett, J., Amweg, L. N., Legor, K., Kim, B. R., & Maghrabi, S. (2018). More thoughts about

           conceptual models and literature reviews: Focus on population health. Nursing science          quarterly, 31(4), 384-389.

Smith, M. C., & Parker, M. E. (2015). Nursing theories and nursing practice. FA Davis.

Spross, J. A., & Lawson, M. T. (2009). Conceptualizations of advanced practice nursing.

             Advanced practice nursing: An integrative approach, 33-74.

 View the PowerPoint titled “Professional Issues”: Debate the following question and state your position “Is Nursing a profession?” Address areas of autonomy, unity, expertise  etc in the debate 

 Initial post no less than  250 words 

 Primary reference must be from peer-reviewed English titled NURSING journal less than 5 y/o 

Will provide PPT content 

delegation/rights

Term Paper 

o Topic: Interviewing a Professional Nurse 

o Interview a nurse professional with years of experience. 

o Provide examples for: 

o Teamwork 

o Patient-care 

o Adaptability 

o Time management 

o Communication style 

o Motivation and core values o 3-5 pages (excluding title page and reference page) APA style paper with at least 3 references within 5 years 

Reply to this discussion post (site sources if applicable)

In nursing, there are certain specialties in which you might see a disease process more than others. Sepsis, however, knows no speciality. It unfortunately can be found in any area of nursing. Recognizing, notifying and implementing quality care to patients with an admitting, new or suspected diagnosis of sepsis is crucial. Time is tissue with septic patients. They have the capability of going south quickly. Working in the ICU, I believe I have had more septic patients than any other admitting diagnosis. They need interventions implemented within an appropriate time frame to prevent poorer outcomes or death. Lack of communication is a reason why some interventions are not completed or are not fully disclosed leaving the receiving nurse confused as to what is still to be done during sepsis protocols. My project was to implemented a sepsis handoff tool that was to be filled out by nurses to keep up to date on vitals, labs, interventions, blood cultures, fluid resuscitation & vasopressor support, antibiotics as well as the three and six hour bundles. 

A conference I would want to present this information to would be a conference within the Sepsis Alliance Clinical Community (SACC). Each year, SACC holds an annual sepsis conference with national and international speakers. The intention of such conference is to share experiences and evidence on variouds issues related to sepsis. This conference is to improve the awareness and diagnosis of sepsis as well as how to manage it. A journal I would present my topic in would be the “Journal on Quality and Patient Safety” by the Joint Commission. This professional journal focuses on patients safety by implementing quality improvement strategies. It quite often has chapters based off communication, whether using the SBAR technique or handoff tools. 

 Migrant Workers

The health issues that face migrant and other mobile underserved populations are similar to those faced by the general population but are often magnified or compounded by their migratory lifestyle. Mobility results in poor continuity of care and simultaneously increases the need for care (Migrant Health Network, 2015).  Health care access is a struggle as barriers of mobility, language, cultural differences and lack of familiarity with local health care services.  Work hazards for immigrant and migrant populations include some of the riskiest industries such as agriculture, forestry and construction.  There is a higher rate of injury and fatality compared to workers in other sectors.  Farm workers and their families are exposed to pesticides.  Other hazards include housing and sanitation, food insecurity and climate changes.

 Some recommendations for the migrant population would include ways to ensure their safety while at work whether construction or on the farm.  Pesticides exposure is a significant risk when working on the farm. It is important for them to recognize the signs and symptoms of exposure so they can have early medical treatment.  Exposure can happen by inhalation, touch or swallowing.  Signs can be very subtle like tiredness, headache, sore throat, nausea or vomiting and dizziness.  Protection from exposure includes wearing proper clothing (long sleeve shirts and pants), washing hands prior to eating and before drinking or going to the bathroom.

 When discussing the types of contraceptive methods available to young adults, it is important to provide all pertinent information for each.  Options range from daily pills, monthly injections or intrauterine devices.  If the patient is not complaint on a daily medication regime is would be best to suggest another option so that it is most effective.  In my short five years as a nurse, I have quickly learned to keep my personal feelings and/or beliefs aside.  Working with women that have difficulty conceiving naturally, I have been in situations that are uncomfortable for me but I must keep an empathetic face and mind to be the best for my patient.  It is important to be able to provide all information but as well to be able to have a comfortable conversation with your patient.

 Smoking cessation is different for every individual but overall some of the same important steps apply.  It is essential to mark your calendar and give yourself a realistic goal to achieve.  Triggers must be identified to know how to approach them in a productive manner.  You want to tell someone or multiple people your plans, this way you can be held accountable by them and they can help give you positive reinforcement.  There is pharmacological methods that can help curve the nicotine cravings.  It is I important to take these steps once they are committed one hundred percent to quitting. 

 Poverty has a negative impact on older adult’s health.  Poverty can significantly affect their access to food.  While they may have access to food some of the time, they often don’t know where, when, or how they will get their next meal.  Health care access can be affected as healthcare cost is continuously rising.

References

Migrant Health Network. (2015, September 15). Migrant Health Issues. Retrieved October 08, 2020, from https://www.migrantclinician.org/issues/migrant-info/health-problems.html

Ethics in Nursing

End of Life—Reflection 

Assignment: Write an essay of a minimum of 500 words that include the responses to the following questions. The rubric below instructs how this assignment will be graded. You are to use at one professional journal reference to substantiate your thoughts on end of life care or any of the ethical principles that were in operation (or not) during the end of life simulation experience.

1. How will you use this end-of-life experience to inform your nursing practice? What specific changes will you make?

2. What communication skills did you learn and how can you use them in applying these in your profession?

3. Did you see a satisfactory resolution to the ethical dilemmas presented? What would you have done differently if you had participated in this experience?

4. Has this end-of-life simulation experience changed or deepened your opinion/beliefs about death and dying? Please elaborate.