Monthly Archives: May 2023

 HA3300D – Healthcare Policy and Ethics 

 Discussion 10: Morality

In Chapter 14 of your textbook, you read about the work of Purtilo and Doherty (2011), who divide morality into three categories: personal, social, and group. Review this section of the chapter, then respond to the following questions:

• Define the term moral integrity.
• Explain each category of morality outlined by Purtilo and Doherty.
• Are there circumstances where the three categories can be in conflict with one another and a person still maintain moral integrity? Give an example.
• What role do you play as a “co-creator” in each of the categories?

Your response should be 8 – 10 sentences in length and include an APA-style references list. Respond to at least two other students in 4 – 6 sentences, referring to the textbook or other course material in your responses.

Powerpoint – Immunodeficiency Disorders _ pediatrics

Reference: Burns, Pediatric primary care ( chapter 25 pages 604-606), please include statistic only from USA and any other reference from USA

Important from this topic:

Introduction, what include immunologic disorders, definition, early detection, how suspect?  sign and symptom, age/gender, risk factors, genetic, most common diseases and shorts explanations in notes , US statistic, how prevent those disorders, any screening test?, gold standard diagnosis for the most common disorders, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, diagnosis and  treatment for the most common disorders, Education. any pediatric guidelines? 

Include explanation notes 

No more than 20 slides, between 14-20

Book attached

Pick any Acute Disease: Use Guillain-Barré syndrome

Must use the sample template for your soap note.

Follow the Soap Note Rubric as a guide

Use APA format and must include minimum of 2 Scholarly Citations.

Soap notes will be uploaded to Moodle and put through TURN-It-In (anti-Plagiarism program)

Copy paste from websites or textbooks will not be accepted or tolerated. 

The use of templates is ok, but the Patient History, CC, HPI, The Assessment and Plan should be of your own work and individualized to your made up patient. 

Information Security in a World of Technology

Write an essay addressing each of the following points/questions. Be sure to completely answer all the questions for each bullet point. There should be three sections, one for each item number below, as well the introduction (heading is the title of the essay) and conclusion paragraphs. Separate each section in your paper with a clear heading that allows your professor to know which bullet you are addressing in that section of your paper. Support your ideas with at least three (3) scholarly citations using APA citations in your essay. Make sure to reference the citations using the APA writing style for the essay. The cover page and reference page do not count towards the minimum word amount. Review the rubric criteria for this assignment.

1. The textbook discusses several education methods. Discuss each method with an example of how the method could be used in the organization. Then discuss how you will evaluate the method and learning.
2. Healthcare continues to be a lucrative target for hackers with weaponized ransomware, misconfigured cloud storage buckets, and phishing emails. Discuss how an organization can protect patients’ information through:
   • Security mechanisms
   • Administrative and Personnel Issues
   • Level of access
   • Handling and Disposal of Confidential Information
3. You are providing education to staff on phishing and spam emails. Using the different educational methods discussed in Chapter 12:
   • Provide examples of how each method can be used
   • How will the method and learning be evaluated?

As a practice scholar, you are called to respond to a recurring medication administration error at your workplace setting and identify strategies to prevent future recurrence through interprofessional collaborative practice. Your first step is to assemble the interprofessional team. Consider the following.

• Who is on your team? What are the roles, responsibilities, and abilities of the team members?
• How will you work together? How will you determine accountability and task distribution? Identify ways to distribute and follow up on tasks among interprofessional team members.
• What strategies will you use to facilitate effective communication and collaboration? 

Video Paper Requirements 40 points (select ONE movie and answer all the questions and other information you research to support your answers) The paper must be in APA format.

Personality Disorders

Select one of the following movies and answer the discussion questions that

follow in APA format report.

 Girl Interrupted (1999 Drama; Angelina Jolie, Winona Ryder,

Whoopie Goldberg)

 Fatal Attraction (1987 Thriller/Drama; Glenn Close, Michael

Douglas)

 Natural Born Killers (1994 Thriller/Drama; Woody Harrelson,

Juliette Lewis)

 American Psycho (1999 Drama/Suspense; Christian Bale)

Must answer the following questions in your APA formatted paper.

• Identify the character and the psychological disorder they display.
• Did the movie accurately portray the symptoms of the disorder? Was this an accurate clinical picture? Explain in detail and provide examples from the movie.
• Discuss any inaccuracies and misconceptions perpetrated of the disorder in the Movie. If the disorder was misrepresented explain how this could be misleading to a typical movie-goer?
• How is a personality disorder different from an Axis 1 disorder?

Discussion: Interaction Between Nurse Informaticists and Other Specialists(ONE PAGE THREE REFERENCES PLEASE))

Nature offers many examples of specialization and collaboration. Ant colonies and bee hives are but two examples of nature’s sophisticated organizations. Each thrives because their members specialize by tasks, divide labor, and collaborate to ensure food, safety, and general well-being of the colony or hive.

Of course, humans don’t fare too badly in this regard either. And healthcare is a great example. As specialists in the collection, access, and application of data, nurse informaticists collaborate with specialists on a regular basis to ensure that appropriate data is available to make decisions and take actions to ensure the general well-being of patients.

In this Discussion, you will reflect on your own observations of and/or experiences with informaticist collaboration. You will also propose strategies for how these collaborative experiences might be improved.

To Prepare:

• Review the Resources and reflect on the evolution of      nursing informatics from a science to a nursing specialty.
• Consider your experiences with nurse Informaticists      or technology specialists within your healthcare organization.

NURS 5051/NURS 6051: Transforming Nursing and Healthcare Through Technology

I live in Miami , Florida, working as psychiatric nurse for 12 years and doing on Walden University Nurse Partitional on Psych.’I want all my jobs are based in this information provided for me please’’. 

Instructions

The purpose of the Theory Evaluation Paper is to help you critically evaluate a middle-range nursing theory. This assignment will be completed using the three stages of the theory evaluation process:  Theory Description, Theory Analysis, and Theory Evaluation.

1. Select a Middle-Range Nursing Theory- Select one specific middle-range nursing theoryfrom your textbook that best suits your area of practice. (Ex. Pender’s Health Promotion Model, Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory, Beck’s Postpartum Depression Theory, etc.)
2. APA Student Title Page– (No Abstract Needed)

• Include the following information on the Student title page in 7th APA format:
  • Assignment name in Bold Font: (Ex. Theory Evaluation Paper: Swanson’s Theory of Caring) 
  • Skip a Line
  • Your Name
  • Name of University
  • Course Number and Name
  • Instructor’s Name
  • Date of Submission (Month, Day, Year)

1. Introductory paragraph Capture the reader’s attention (ex. Grabbing statistics) and discuss the rationale for selecting the specific nursing theory for your area of nursing over other nursing theories (Do not write in first person; Include a purpose/thesis statement of what you will describe in the paper as the last sentence of the introductory paragraph.) Next, begin the Body of Paper.
2. Theory Description (Level 1 Header) 

• Purpose (Level 2 Header); (Designate as Descriptive, Explanatory, Predictive, or Prescriptive;  Include Scope-middle-range)
• Concepts (Level 2 Header); (Introduce and list main concepts)
• Definitions (Level 2 Header); (Define concepts and other important aspects)
• Relationship (Level 2 Header); (Describe relationship among concepts)
• Structure (Level 2 Header); (Describe; Is there a diagram of structure?)
• Assumptions (Level 2 Header); (beliefs, propositions of the theory)

5.  Theory Analysis (Level 1 Header) 

• Theory’s Origin (Level 2 Header); (historical creation and evolution of theory)
• Unique Focus (Level 2 Header); (distinctive views)
• Content (Level 2 Header); (include definitions of metaparadigm concepts of person, environment, health, and nursing)

6.  Theory Evaluation (Level 1 Header) 

• Significance (Level 2 Header); (usefulness, social significance, cultural significance)
• Comprehensiveness (Level 2 Header); (of the content, thoroughness, utility)
• Logical Congruence (Level 2 Header); (consistency and clarity of theory; consistent use of concepts throughout the literature)
• Credibility (Level 2 Header); (legitimacy, empirical support through research) 
• Contribution to Nursing (Level 2 Header); (usefulness to nursing practice, education, and research)

7.  Conclusion (Level 1 Header) Conclusion paragraph with concluding statements to summarize the content and re-state or re-phrase the purpose/thesis statement.

8.  APA Reference Page- Please be sure to support your paper with in-text citations. Please use 5 peer-reviewed resources.

Additional Instructions: Your assignment should be typed into a Word or other word processing document, formatted in APA style. Paper should be a minimum of 4-5 pages in length, excluding the title and references pages.  You may increase the number of pages of the body of the paper up to 7-8 pages if needed.  This is a scholarly paper and should not be written in first person.  Paragraphs should have a minimum of 3 sentences.  Paraphrasing should be done using in-text citations.  Direct quotes should be rare and used only when the content can be said in no other way. If using direct quotes, you must include page or paragraph number. 

Additional instructions- Please follow the below outline when writing your paper:

Title page with relevant information

Page 2

Introductory heading

Start your paper with 1-2 general introductory paragraph that includes a thesis statement to describe the overall purpose of your paper

Theory Description

Use Chinn and Kramer (2008) criteria for theory description. This can be found in pages 101-102 of McEwen & Wills (2014). Use the following five headings:

1. Purpose
2. Concepts
3. Definitions
4. Relationship
5. Structure Assumptions

Theory Analysis

Use Fawcett (2005) criteria for theory analysis (can be found in pages 100-101). Use the following three headings after your 1-3 general analysis paragraphs of Fawcett (2005) criteria:

1. Theory’s  origin
2. Unique focus
3. Content

Theory Evaluation

Use Fawcett (2005) criteria for theory evaluation (can be found in pages 100-101). Use the following five headings after 1-3 general evaluation paragraphs:

1. Significance
2. Comprehensiveness of the content
3. Logical congruence (consistency & Clarity)
4. Credibility
5. Contribution to nursing

Conclusion

1-2 paragraphs that highlights major components of your paper

References on the last pages

Scenario 1: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

A 28-year-old woman presents to the clinic with a chief complaint of hirsutism and irregular menses. She describes irregular and infrequent menses (five or six per year) since menarche at 12 years of age. She began to develop dark, coarse facial hair when she was 14 years of age, but her parents did not seek treatment or medical opinion at that time. The symptoms worsened after she gained weight in college. She got married 3 years ago and has been trying to get pregnant for the last 2 years without success. Height 66 inches and weight 198. BMI 32 kg.m2. Moderate hirsutism without virilization noted.  Laboratory data reveal CMP within normal limits (WNL), CBC with manual differential (WNL), TSH 0.9 IU/L SI units (normal 0.4-4.0 IU/L SI units), a total testosterone of 65 ng/dl (normal 2.4-47 ng/dl), and glycated hemoglobin level of 6.1% (normal value ≤5.6%). Based on this information, the APRN diagnoses the patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and refers her to the Women’s Health APRN for further workup and management. 

Question 1 of 2:

What is the pathogenesis of PCOS?

Question 2 of 2:

How does PCOS affect a woman’s fertility or infertility?

Scenario 2: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

A 20-year-old female college student presents to the Student Health Clinic with a chief complaint of abdominal pain, foul smelling vaginal discharge, and fever and chills for the past 4 days. She denies nausea, vomiting, or difficulties with defecation. Last bowel movement this morning and was normal for her. Nothing has helped with the pain despite taking ibuprofen 200 mg orally several times a day. She describes the pain as sharp and localizes the pain to her lower abdomen. Past medical history noncontributory. GYN/Social history + for having had unprotected sex while at a fraternity party. Physical exam: thin, Ill appearing anxious looking white female who is moving around on the exam table and unable to find a comfortable position. Temperature 101.6F orally, pulse 120, respirations 22 and regular. Review of systems negative except for chief complaint. Focused assessment of abdomen demonstrated moderate pain to palpation left and right lower quadrants. Upper quadrants soft and non-tender. Bowel sounds diminished in bilateral lower quadrants. Pelvic exam demonstrated + adnexal tenderness, + cervical motion tenderness and copious amounts of greenish thick secretions. The APRN diagnoses the patient as having pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). 

Question:

What is the pathophysiology of PID?

Scenario 3: Syphilis

A 27-year-old male comes to the clinic with a chief complaint of a “sore on my penis” that has been there for 3 days. He says it burns and leaked a little fluid. He denies any other symptoms. Past medical history noncontributory. Social history: works as a bartender and he states he often “hooks up” with some of the patrons, both male and female after work. He does not always use condoms. Physical exam within normal limits except for a lesion on the lateral side of the penis adjacent to the glans. The area is indurated with a small round raised lesion. The APRN orders laboratory tests, but feels the patient has syphilis. 

Question:

Describe the 4 stages of syphilis

Scenario 4: Genital Herpes

A 19-year-old female presents to the clinic with a chief complaint of “fluid filled bumps” and intense pruritis of her vulva. She states these symptoms have been present for about 10 days, but she thought she had a yeast infection. She self-medicated with over the counter (OTC) metronidazole (Flagyl™) intravaginally but the symptoms got worse. No other complaints except for fatigue out of proportion to her activity level. Past medical history noncontributory. Social history: sexually active with several men and did forget to use a condom during one sexual encounter. Physical exam negative except for pelvic exam which revealed multiple fluid filled (vesicular) lesions on the vulva and introitus. Positive lymph nodes in inguinal areas. The APRN diagnoses the patient with herpes simplex virus-type 2 known as genital herpes.

Question:

  What is the pathophysiology of HSV-2?

Scenario 5: Epididymitis

A 27-year-old male presents to the clinic with a chief complaint of a gradual onset of scrotal pain and swelling of the left testicle that started 2 days ago.  The pain has gotten progressively worse over the last 12 hours and he now complains of left flank pain. He complains of dysuria, frequency, and urgency with urination. He states his urine smells funny. He denies nausea, vomiting, but admits to urethral discharge just prior to the start of his severe symptoms. He denies any recent heavy lifting or straining for bowel movements. He says the only thing that makes the pain better is if he sits in his recliner and elevates his scrotum on a small pillow. Past medical history negative. Social history + for sexual activity only with his wife of 3 years. Physical exam reveals red, swollen left testicle that is very tender to touch. There is positive left inguinal adenopathy. Clean catch urinalysis in the clinic + for 3+ bacteria. The APRN diagnoses the patient with epididymitis. 

Question:

Discuss how bacteria in the urine causes epididymitis. 

Scenario 6: Prostatitis

A 42-year-old male presents to the clinic with a chief complaint of fever, chills, malaise, arthralgias, dysuria, urinary frequency, low back pain, perineal, and suprapubic pain. He says he feels like he can’t fully empty his bladder when he voids. He states these symptoms came on suddenly about 12 hours ago and have gotten worse. He noticed some blood in his urine the last time he voided. He tried to have a bowel movement several hours ago but could not empty his bowel due to pain. Past medical and social history noncontributory. Physical exam reveals an ill appearing male. Temperature 101.8 F, pulse 122, respirations 20, BP 108/68. Exam unremarkable apart from left costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness. Rectal exam difficult due to enlarged and extremely painful prostate.  Complete blood count revealed an elevated white blood cell count, elevated C-reactive protein and elevated sedimentation rate. Urine dip in the clinic + for 2+ bacteria. 

Question:

Explain the differences between acute bacterial prostatitis and nonbacterial prostatitis

Scenario 7: Endometriosis

A 32-year-old woman presents to the clinic with a chief complaint of pelvic pain, excessive menstrual bleeding, dyspareunia, and inability to become pregnant after 18 months of unprotected sex with her husband. She states she was told she had endometrioses after a high school physical exam, but no doctor or nurse practitioner ever mentioned it again, so she thought it had gone away. She has no other complaints and says she wants to have a family. Past medical history noncontributory except for possible endometriosis as a teenager. Social history negative for tobacco, drugs or alcohol. The physical exam is negative except for the pelvic exam which demonstrated pain on light and deep palpation of the uterus. The APRN believes that the patient does have endometriosis and orders appropriate laboratory and radiological tests. The diagnostics come back highly suggestive of endometriosis.   

Question:

Explain how endometriosis may affect female fertility.

Scenario 8: Platelets

An APRN working in an anticoagulation clinic has been asked by the local college to present a lecture on platelets and their role in blood clotting to the graduate pathophysiology nursing students. 

Question:

What key concepts should the APRN include in the presentation?

Scenario 9: Iron Deficient Anemia (IDA)

A 36-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints of dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, leg cramps on climbing stairs, craving ice to suck or chew and cold intolerance. The symptoms have come on gradually over the past 4 months. The only thing that make the symptoms better is for her to sit or lie down and stop the activity. She denies bruising or bleeding and states this is the first time this has happened. Past medical history noncontributory except for a new diagnosis of benign uterine fibroids 6 months ago after experiencing heavy menstrual bleeding every month. Social history noncontributory and she denies alcohol, tobacco, or drug use. Physical exam: pale, thin, Caucasian female who appears older than stated age. Physical exam remarkable for a soft I/IV systolic murmur, pallor of the mucous membranes, spoon-shaped nails (koilonychia), glossy tongue, with atrophy of the lingual papillae, and fissures at the corners of the mouth. The APRN suspects the patient has iron deficient anemia (IDA) secondary to excessive blood loss from uterine fibroids. The appropriate laboratory tests confirmed the diagnosis. 

Question:

Discuss iron deficiency anemia and how the patient’s menstrual bleeding contributed to the diagnosis.

Scenario 10: Pernicious Anemia

A 67-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints of weakness, fatigue, paresthesias of the feet and fingers, difficulty walking, loss of appetite, and a sore tongue. These symptoms have been present for several months but the patient thought they were due to her recent retirement and geographic move from the Midwest to New England. The symptoms have gotten worse over the past few weeks and she has noticed that she is much more forgetful. This is of great concern as she worries she might have the beginning stages of Alzheimer’s Disease. Past medical history significant for Hashimoto thyroiditis that she developed in her early 20s. The rest of PMH and social history non- contributory. Physical exam reveals an average sized female whose skin has a sallow appearance. BP 128/74, Pulse 120, respirations 18 and temperature 99.0F orally. Examination of the head and neck reveals a smooth and beefy red tongue. Abdominal exam negative for hepatomegaly or splenomegaly.  

The APRN recognizes these symptoms and physical exam indicate the patient has pernicious anemia. After appropriate laboratory data received, the definitive diagnosis of pernicious anemia was made.

Question 1 of 2:

How does pernicious anemia develop?

Question 2 of 2:

How does pernicious anemia cause the neurological manifestations that are often seen in patients with PA?

Scenario 11: Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)

A 49-year-old man with a 22-year history of severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) presents to clinic for his preadmission testing (PAT) and medical clearance for a planned right total hip arthroplasty. The patient had been severely limited in ambulation due to the RA. Current medications include prednisone 20 mg po qd and methotrexate 7.5 mg Thursdays, 5mg Fridays, and 7.5 mg Saturdays.  The patient had a complete blood count (CBC) with manual differentiation and red blood cell indices, complete metabolic panel (CMP) and coagulation studies (prothrombin time [PT], international normalized ratio [INR] and activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT]). All the laboratory studies come back within normal limits except for the red blood cell indices. The hemoglobin and hematocrit were low along with mean corpuscle volume, plasma iron and total iron binding capacity, and transferrin also being low. There was a normal reticulocyte count, normal ferritin, serum B12, folate and bilirubin. 

The APRN in the PAT clinic recognizes that the patient has anemia of chronic disease (ACD). 

Question 1 of 2:

What is ACD and how does it develop?

Question 2 of 2:

Why do patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) develop ACD?

Scenario 12: Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)

A 14-year-old female is brought to the Urgent Care by her mother who states that the girl has had an abnormal number of bruises and “funny looking red splotches” on her legs. These bruises were first noticed about 2 weeks ago and are not related to trauma. Past medical history not remarkable and she takes no medications. The mother does state the girl is recovering from a “bad case of mono” and was on bedrest at home for the past 3 weeks. The girl noticed that her gums were slightly bleeding when she brushed her teeth that morning. 

Labs at Urgent Care demonstrated normal hemoglobin and hematocrit with normal white blood cell (WBC) differential. Platelet count of 100,000/mm3 was the only abnormal finding. The staff also noticed that the venipuncture site oozed for a few minutes after pressure was released. The doctor at Urgent Care referred the patient and her mother to the ED for a complete work up of the low platelet count including a peripheral blood smear for suspected immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP).

Question:

What is ITP and why do you think this patient has acute, rather than chronic, ITP?

Scenario 13: Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)

A 22-year-old male is in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) following a motor vehicle crash (MVC) where he sustained multiple life-threatening injuries including a torn aorta, ruptured spleen, and bilateral femur fractures. He has had difficulty maintaining his mean arterial pressure (MAP) and has required various vasopressors. He has a triple lumen central venous catheter (CVC) for monitoring his central venous pressure, administration of medications and blood products, as well as total parenteral nutrition. Per hospital protocol, he is receiving an unfractionated heparin 1:1000 flush after administration of each of the triple antibiotics that have been ordered to maintain patency of the lumens.  Seven days post injury, the APRN in the SICU is reviewing the patient’s morning labs and notes that his platelet count has dropped precipitously to 50,000 /mm3 from 148,000/mm3 two days ago. The APRN suspects the patient is developing heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). 

Question 1 of 2:

What is underlying pathophysiology of heparin induced thrombocytopenia?

Question 2 of 2:

The APRN assesses the patient and notes there is a decreased right posterior tibial pulse with cyanosis of the entire foot. The APRN recognizes this probably represents arterial thrombus formation. How does someone who is receiving heparin develop arterial and venous thrombosis?

Scenario 14: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

A 33-year-old female is brought to Urgent Care by her husband who states his wife has gotten suddenly confused and complains of a severe headache. He also noticed large bruises on her legs which were not there yesterday. Only significant past medical history is that the patient developed herpes zoster 2 weeks ago and was given acyclovir for treatment. Physical exam revealed well developed female who is only oriented to person. Large areas of ecchymosis noted on both arms and legs. Stat CBC revealed a platelet count of 18,000/mm3, hemoglobin of 8 g/dl and hematocrit of 24%. The patient was immediately transported to the Emergency Room by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) where further work up demonstrated idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).  

Question:

What is the pathophysiology of TTP?

Scenario 15: Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)

A 64-year man is recovering from a transurethral resection of the prostate for treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia. The patient is receiving intravenous antibiotics for the urinary tract infection that was found on the preoperative urine culture and sensitivity (C & S). The post-operative course has been smooth and the APRN is removing the 3-way Foley catheter when there is a sudden release of bright red blood with many blood clots in the Foley bag. The patient becomes hypotensive, tachycardic and the APRN notes new ecchymoses on the patient’s arms and legs. The patient was immediately transferred to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) and a stat hematology consult was conducted. Stat CBC, d-dimer, peripheral blood smear, partial thromboplastin time, Prothrombin time/international normalization ratio (INR), and fibrinogen labs were drawn. Results were: 

CBC with markedly decreased platelet count, peripheral blood smear showed decreased number of platelets and presence of large platelets and fragmented red cells (schistocytes), prothrombin time prolonged as was the partial thromboplastin time. The d-dimer was markedly elevated, and fibrinogen level was low. The diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was made based on clinical picture and laboratory data. 

Question 1 of 2:

What is DIC and how does it develop?

Question 2 of 2:

What factors contribute to the development of DIC? 

In this assignment, you will rewrite your Health Care Field Research Draft, which includes the utilization of the feedback from the peer review process, if needed. Your final draft will consist of 1,500-2,000 words, and include the following:

• An introduction to topic.
• An explanation of how the articles are used in scholarly research within health care as it relates to the allied health care professional.
• A discussion of the ethical considerations for data collection.
• An explanation of what the data reveals in terms of statistical analysis, including quantitative and qualitative. Include a discussion of the conclusions that can be made from the data, and how it would be applied to the health care setting.
• An evaluation, based on the research, of whether there is enough information to make a decision on the effectiveness of on your topic as it relates to the allied health care professional.
• An explanation of the current and future skills and research trends within the health care industry that influence practice standards.
• A summary of the conclusions from the articles.